Effects of a Diet Higher in Carbohydrate/Lower in Fat Versus Lower in Carbohydrate/Higher in Monounsaturated Fat on Postmeal Triglyceride Concentrations and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 1 Diabetes

Effects of a Diet Higher in Carbohydrate/Lower in Fat Versus Lower in Carbohydrate/Higher in Monounsaturated Fat on Postmeal Triglyceride Concentrations and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 1 Diabetes

from Diabetes Care Journal current issue by Strychar, I., Cohn, J. S., Renier, G., Rivard, M., Aris-Jilwan, N., Beauregard, H., Meltzer, S., Belanger, A., Dumas, R., Ishac, A., Radwan, F., Yale, J.-F.
OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of a eucaloric diet higher in carbohydrate/lower in fat versus lower in carbohydrate/higher in monounsaturated fat on postmeal triglyceride (TG) concentrations and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in nonobese subjects with type 1 diabetes and in good glycemic control.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a parallel group design study, 30 subjects were randomly assigned and completed one of the two eucaloric diets. Assessments included: BMI, blood pressure, A1C, plasma lipids, and markers of oxidation, thrombosis, and inflammation. At 6 months, subjects were hospitalized for 24 h to measure plasma TG excursions.
RESULTS

There were no significant differences between groups other than decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels and weight gain in the lower-carbohydrate/higher–monounsaturated fat group. During the 24-h testing, the lower-carbohydrate/higher–monounsaturated fat group had a lower plasma TG profile.
CONCLUSIONS

A diet lower in carbohydrate/higher in monounsaturated fat could offer an appropriate choice for nonobese type 1 diabetic individuals with good metabolic and weight control.

n-3 PUFA: bioavailability and modulation of adipose tissue function.

n-3 PUFA: bioavailability and modulation of adipose tissue function.

Kopecky J, Rossmeisl M, Flachs P, Kuda O, Brauner P, Jilkova Z, Stankova B, Tvrzicka E, Bryhn M.

Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.

Adipose tissue has a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), which includes obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and other disorders. Systemic insulin resistance represents a major factor contributing to the development of MS in obesity. The resistance is precipitated by impaired adipose tissue glucose and lipid metabolism, linked to a low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue and secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines. Development of MS could be delayed by lifestyle modifications, while both dietary and pharmacological interventions are required for the successful therapy of MS. The n-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA, EPA and DHA, which are abundant in marine fish, act as hypolipidaemic factors, reduce cardiac events and decrease the progression of atherosclerosis. Thus, n-3 LC PUFA represent healthy constituents of diets for patients with MS. In rodents n-3 LC PUFA prevent the development of obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. The effects of n-3 LC PUFA are mediated transcriptionally by AMP-activated protein kinase and by other mechanisms. n-3 LC PUFA activate a metabolic switch toward lipid catabolism and suppression of lipogenesis, i.e. in the liver, adipose tissue and small intestine. This metabolic switch improves dyslipidaemia and reduces ectopic deposition of lipids, resulting in improved insulin signalling. Despite a relatively low accumulation of n-3 LC PUFA in adipose tissue lipids, adipose tissue is specifically linked to the beneficial effects of n-3 LC PUFA, as indicated by (1) the prevention of adipose tissue hyperplasia and hypertrophy, (2) the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in adipocytes, (3) the induction of adiponectin and (4) the amelioration of adipose tissue inflammation by n-3 LC PUFA.

Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men

Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men

from Journal of Applied Physiology recent issues by Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Kujbida, G. W., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Phillips, S. M.

This study was designed to compare the acute response of mixed muscle protein synthesis (MPS) to rapidly (i.e., whey hydrolysate and soy) and slowly (i.e., micellar casein) digested proteins both at rest and after resistance exercise. Three groups of healthy young men (n = 6 per group) performed a bout of unilateral leg resistance exercise followed by the consumption of a drink containing an equivalent content of essential amino acids (10 g) as either whey hydrolysate, micellar casein, or soy protein isolate. Mixed MPS was determined by a primed constant infusion of l-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine. Ingestion of whey protein resulted in a larger increase in blood essential amino acid, branched-chain amino acid, and leucine concentrations than either casein or soy (P < 0.05). Mixed MPS at rest (determined in the nonexercised leg) was higher with ingestion of faster proteins (whey = 0.091 ± 0.015, soy = 0.078 ± 0.014, casein = 0.047 ± 0.008%/h); MPS after consumption of whey was ~93% greater than casein (P < 0.01) and ~18% greater than soy (P = 0.067). A similar result was observed after exercise (whey > soy > casein); MPS following whey consumption was ~122% greater than casein (P < 0.01) and 31% greater than soy (P < 0.05). MPS was also greater with soy consumption at rest (64%) and following resistance exercise (69%) compared with casein (both P < 0.01). We conclude that the feeding-induced simulation of MPS in young men is greater after whey hydrolysate or soy protein consumption than casein both at rest and after resistance exercise; moreover, despite both being fast proteins, whey hydrolysate stimulated MPS to a greater degree than soy after resistance exercise. These differences may be related to how quickly the proteins are digested (i.e., fast vs. slow) or possibly to small differences in leucine content of each protein.

Green tea and death from pneumonia in Japan: the Ohsaki cohort study

Green tea and death from pneumonia in Japan: the Ohsaki cohort study

[Nutritional epidemiology and public health]

from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition current issue by Watanabe, I., Kuriyama, S., Kakizaki, M., Sone, T., Ohmori-Matsuda, K., Nakaya, N., Hozawa, A., Tsuji, I.

Background: Experimental and animal studies have shown the activities of catechins, the main constituents of green tea, against infectious agents. No data are available on the association between green tea consumption and the risk of pneumonia in humans.

Objective: We examined the association between green tea consumption and death from pneumonia in humans.

Design: We conducted a population-based cohort study, with follow-up from 1995 to 2006. The participants were National Health Insurance beneficiaries in Japan (19,079 men and 21,493 women aged 40–79 y). We excluded participants for whom data on green tea consumption frequency were missing or who had reported a history of cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, and extreme daily energy intake at baseline. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% CIs for death from pneumonia according to green tea consumption.

Results: Over 12 y of follow-up, we documented 406 deaths from pneumonia. In women, the multivariate HRs of death from pneumonia that were associated with different frequencies of green tea consumption were 1.00 (reference) for <1 cup/d, 0.59 (95% CI: 0.36, 0.98) for 1–2 cups/d, 0.55 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.91) for 3–4 cups/d, and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.83) for ≥5 cups/d, respectively (P for trend: 0.008). In men, no significant association was observed.

Conclusion: Green tea consumption was associated with a lower risk of death from pneumonia in Japanese women.

Dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study

Dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study

[Nutritional epidemiology and public health]

from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition current issue by Park, Y., Brinton, L. A, Subar, A. F, Hollenbeck, A., Schatzkin, A.

Background: Although dietary fiber has been hypothesized to lower risk of breast cancer by modulating estrogen metabolism, the association between dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer by hormone receptor status is unclear.

Objective: The objective was to examine the relation of dietary fiber intake to breast cancer by hormone receptor status and histologic type among postmenopausal women in the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study (n = 185,598; mean age: 62 y).

Design: Dietary intakes were assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Incident breast cancer cases were identified through linkage with state cancer registries. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 2-sided 95% CIs.

Results: During an average of 7 y of follow-up, 5461 breast cancer cases were identified, of which 3341 cases had estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status. Dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with breast cancer risk [RR for the highest quintile (Q5) compared with the lowest quintile (Q1): 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.98; P for trend: 0.02]. The inverse association appeared to be stronger for ER–/PR– tumors (RRQ5vsQ1: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.90; P for trend: 0.008; 366 cases) than for ER+/PR+ tumors (RRQ5vsQ1: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.20; P for trend: 0.47; 1641 cases). The RRQ5vsQ1 of lobular tumors was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.44, 0.97; P for trend: 0.04), and the RRQ5vsQ1 of ductal tumors was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.04; P for trend: 0.10). Fiber from grains, fruit, vegetables, and beans was not related to breast cancer.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that dietary fiber can play a role in preventing breast cancer through nonestrogen pathways among postmenopausal women.

Meat, eggs, dairy products, and risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

Meat, eggs, dairy products, and risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

[Nutritional epidemiology and public health]

from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition current issue by Pala, V., Krogh, V., Berrino, F., Sieri, S., Grioni, S., Tjonneland, A., Olsen, A., Jakobsen, M. U., Overvad, K., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Romieu, I., Linseisen, J., Rohrmann, S., Boeing, H., Steffen, A., Trichopoulou, A., Benetou, V., Naska, A., Vineis, P., Tumino, R., Panico, S., Masala, G., Agnoli, C., Engeset, D., Skeie, G., Lund, E., Ardanaz, E., Navarro, C., Sanchez, M.-J., Amiano, P., Svatetz, C. A. G., Rodriguez, L., Wirfalt, E., Manjer, J., Lenner, P., Hallmans, G., Peeters, P. H., van Gils, C. H, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H B., van Duijnhoven, F. J., Key, T. J, Spencer, E., Bingham, S., Khaw, K.-T., Ferrari, P., Byrnes, G., Rinaldi, S., Norat, T., Michaud, D. S, Riboli, E.

Background: A Western diet is associated with breast cancer risk.

Objective: We investigated the relation of meat, egg, and dairy product consumption with breast cancer risk by using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Design: Between 1992 and 2003, information on diet was collected from 319,826 women. Disease hazard ratios were estimated with multivariate Cox proportional hazard models.

Results: Breast cancer cases (n = 7119) were observed during 8.8 y (median) of follow-up. No consistent association was found between breast cancer risk and the consumption of any of the food groups under study, when analyzed by both categorical and continuous exposure variable models. High processed meat consumption was associated with a modest increase in breast cancer risk in the categorical model (hazard ratio: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.20; highest compared with lowest quintile: P for trend = 0.07). Subgroup analyses suggested an association with butter consumption, limited to premenopausal women (hazard ratio: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.53; highest compared with lowest quintile: P for trend = 0.21). Between-country heterogeneity was found for red meat (Q statistic = 18.03; P = 0.05) and was significantly explained (P = 0.023) by the proportion of meat cooked at high temperature.

Conclusions: We have not consistently identified intakes of meat, eggs, or dairy products as risk factors for breast cancer. Future studies should investigate the possible role of high-temperature cooking in the relation of red meat intake with breast cancer risk.

One-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and prostate cancer survival

One-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and prostate cancer survival 

[Cancer]

from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition current issue by Kasperzyk, J. L, Fall, K., Mucci, L. A, Hakansson, N., Wolk, A., Johansson, J.-E., Andersson, S.-O., Andren, O.

Background: Folate and other one-carbon metabolism nutrients may influence prostate cancer pathogenesis. Prior studies of these nutrients in relation to prostate cancer incidence have been inconclusive, and none have explored prostate cancer survival.

Objective: The objective was to assess whether dietary intakes of folate, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and methionine measured around the time of prostate cancer diagnosis are associated with prostate cancer survival.

Design: This population-based prospective study comprised 525 men from Örebro, Sweden, who received a diagnosis of incident prostate cancer between 1989 and 1994 and completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Record linkages to the Swedish Death Registry enabled all cases to be followed for up to 20 y after diagnosis, and the cause of death was assigned via medical record review. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. During a median of 6.4 y of follow-up, 218 men (42%) died of prostate cancer and 257 (49%) of other causes.

Results: A comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile showed that vitamin B-6 intake was inversely associated with prostate cancer–specific death (HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.46, 1.10; P for trend = 0.08), especially in men with a diagnosis of localized-stage disease (HR; 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.26; P for trend = 0.0003). However, vitamin B-6 intake was not associated with improved prostate cancer survival among advanced-stage cases (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.72; P for trend = 0.87). Folate, riboflavin, vitamin B-12, and methionine intakes were not associated with prostate cancer survival.

Conclusion: A high vitamin B-6 intake may improve prostate cancer survival among men with a diagnosis of localized-stage disease.

Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

[Lipids]

from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition current issue by Norris, L. E, Collene, A. L, Asp, M. L, Hsu, J. C, Liu, L.-F., Richardson, J. R, Li, D., Bell, D., Osei, K., Jackson, R. D, Belury, M. A

Background: Weight loss may improve glucose control in persons with type 2 diabetes. The effects of fat quality, as opposed to quantity, on weight loss are not well understood.

Objective: We compared the effects of 2 dietary oils, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and safflower oil (SAF), on body weight and composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

Design: This was a 36-wk randomized, double-masked, crossover study. Fifty-five obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes received SAF or CLA (8 g oil/d) during two 16-wk diet periods separated by a 4-wk washout period. Subjects met monthly with the study coordinator to receive new supplements and for assessment of energy balance, biochemical endpoints, or anthropometric variables.

Results: Thirty-five women completed the 36-wk intervention. Supplementation with CLA reduced body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.0022) and total adipose mass (P = 0.0187) without altering lean mass. The effect of CLA in lowering BMI was detected during the last 8 wk of each 16-wk diet period. In contrast, SAF had no effect on BMI or total adipose mass but reduced trunk adipose mass (P = 0.0422) and increased lean mass (P = 0.0432). SAF also significantly lowered fasting glucose (P = 0.0343) and increased adiponectin (P = 0.0051). No differences were observed in dietary energy intake, total fat intake, and fat quality in either diet period for either intervention.

Conclusions: Supplementation with CLA and SAF exerted different effects on BMI, total and trunk adipose mass, and lean tissue mass in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Supplementation with these dietary oils may be beneficial for weight loss, glycemic control, or both.

Anticancer and Cancer Chemopreventive Potential of Grape Seed Extract and Other Grape-Based Products

Anticancer and Cancer Chemopreventive Potential of Grape Seed Extract and Other Grape-Based Products

[Supplement: Grapes and Health]

from Journal of Nutrition current issue by Kaur, M., Agarwal, C., Agarwal, R.

With emerging trends in the incidence of cancer of various organ sites, additional approaches are needed to control human malignancies. Intervention or prevention of cancer by dietary constituents, a strategy defined as chemoprevention, holds great promise in our conquest to control cancer, because it can be implemented on a broader population base with less economic burden. Consistent with this, several epidemiological studies have shown that populations that consume diets rich in fruits and vegetables have an overall lower cancer incidence. Based on these encouraging observations, research efforts from across the globe have focused on identifying, characterizing, and providing scientific basis to the efficacy of various phytonutrients in an effort to develop effective strategy to control various human malignancies. Cancer induction, growth, and progression are multi-step events and numerous studies have demonstrated that various dietary agents interfere with these stages of cancer, thus blocking malignancy. Fruits and vegetables represent untapped reservoir of various nutritive and nonnutritive phytochemicals with potential cancer chemopreventive activity. Grapes and grape-based products are one such class of dietary products that have shown cancer chemopreventive potential and are also known to improve overall human health. This review focuses on recent advancements in cancer chemopreventive and anticancer efficacy of grape seed extract and other grape-based products. Overall, completed studies from various scientific groups conclude that both grapes and grape-based products are excellent sources of various anticancer agents and their regular consumption should thus be beneficial to the general population.

Grape Consumption Supports Immunity in Animals and Humans

Grape Consumption Supports Immunity in Animals and Humans

[Supplement: Grapes and Health]

from Journal of Nutrition current issue by Percival, S. S.

All nutrients play a role in maintaining the immune system and providing substrate for the response. T cells, on the other hand, seem to have a unique response to certain dietary bioactive components found in the plant family. Although the identification of those components is not well known yet, members of the proanthocyanidin family and the anthocyanin family of compounds are candidates. Because grapes and grape products contain both of these types of compounds, I hypothesized that grapes may help maintain or support the immune response, specifically the T cell. Data from intact animal studies show that immune function is supported by grape products. In humans, relatively little research has been conducted using the food as an intervention; however, a study currently in progress showed that Concord grape juice supported circulating T cells and maintained immune function, whereas participants receiving the placebo juice had changes associated with reduced immunity. After an overview of immunity, this paper will focus on reviewing the literature on grapes and other food products made from grapes and their potential for interaction with the T cell in whole-body systems.

Grapes and Cardiovascular Disease

Grapes and Cardiovascular Disease [Supplement: Grapes and Health]

from Journal of Nutrition current issue by Dohadwala, M. M., Vita, J. A.

Epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of wine, grape products, and other foods containing polyphenols is associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease. The benefits of wine consumption appear to be greater than other alcoholic beverages. Experimental studies indicate that grape polyphenols could reduce atherosclerosis by a number of mechanisms, including inhibition of oxidation of LDL and other favorable effects on cellular redox state, improvement of endothelial function, lowering blood pressure, inhibition of platelet aggregation, reducing inflammation, and activating novel proteins that prevent cell senescence, e.g. Sirtuin 1. Translational studies in humans support these beneficial effects. More clinical studies are needed to confirm these effects and formulate dietary guidelines. The available data, however, strongly support the recommendation that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, including grapes, can decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease.

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Lower Abdominal Adiposity in European Men and Women

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Lower Abdominal Adiposity in European Men and Women [Nutritional Epidemiology]

from Journal of Nutrition current issue by Romaguera, D., Norat, T., Mouw, T., May, A. M., Bamia, C., Slimani, N., Travier, N., Besson, H., Luan, J., Wareham, N., Rinaldi, S., Couto, E., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Cottet, V., Palli, D., Agnoli, C., Panico, S., Tumino, R., Vineis, P., Agudo, A., Rodriguez, L., Sanchez, M. J., Amiano, P., Barricarte, A., Huerta, J. M., Key, T. J., Spencer, E. A., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Buchner, F. L., Orfanos, P., Naska, A., Trichopoulou, A., Rohrmann, S., Kaaks, R., Bergmann, M., Boeing, H., Johansson, I., Hellstrom, V., Manjer, J., Wirfalt, E., Uhre Jacobsen, M., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A., Halkjaer, J., Lund, E., Braaten, T., Engeset, D., Odysseos, A., Riboli, E., Peeters, P. H. M.

Given the lack of consistent evidence of the relationship between Mediterranean dietary patterns and body fat, we assessed the cross-sectional association between adherence to a modified Mediterranean diet, BMI, and waist circumference (WC). A total of 497,308 individuals (70.7% women) aged 25–70 y from 10 European countries participated in this study. Diet was assessed at baseline using detailed validated country-specific questionnaires, and anthropometrical measurements were collected using standardized procedures. The association between the degree of adherence to the modified-Mediterranean Diet Score (mMDS) (including high consumption of vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereals, fish and seafood, and unsaturated:saturated fatty acids ratio; moderate alcohol intake; and low consumption of meat and meat products and dairy products) and BMI (kg·m–2) or WC (cm) was modeled through mixed-effects linear regression, controlling for potential confounders. Overall, the mMDS was not significantly associated with BMI. Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet was significantly associated with lower WC, for a given BMI, in both men (–0.09; 95% CI –0.14 to –0.04) and women (–0.06; 95% CI –0.10 to –0.01). The association was stronger in men (–0.20; 95% CI –0.23 to –0.17) and women (–0.17; 95% CI –0.21 to –0.13) from Northern European countries. Despite the observed heterogeneity among regions, results of this study suggest that adherence to a modified Mediterranean diet, high in foods of vegetable origin and unsaturated fatty acids, is associated with lower abdominal adiposity measured by WC in European men and women.

Soy Protein Reduces Serum LDL Cholesterol and the LDL Cholesterol:HDL Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B:Apolipoprotein A-I Ratios in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Soy Protein Reduces Serum LDL Cholesterol and the LDL Cholesterol:HDL Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B:Apolipoprotein A-I Ratios in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

[Nutrition and Disease]
from Journal of Nutrition current issue by Pipe, E. A., Gobert, C. P., Capes, S. E., Darlington, G. A., Lampe, J. W., Duncan, A. M.

Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in North America and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Evidence supports a role for soy protein in the reduction of serum lipids related to CVD risk; however, few studies have focused on adults with type 2 diabetes who are not on lipid-lowering medications and/or do not have diabetic complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soy protein isolate (SPI) consumption on serum lipids in adults with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes. Using a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled intervention study design, adults with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes (n = 29) consumed SPI (80 mg/d aglycone isoflavones) or milk protein isolate (MPI) for 57 d each separated by a 28-d washout period. Twenty-four–hour urine samples were collected on d 54–56 of each treatment for analysis of isoflavones and blood was collected on d 1 and 57 of each treatment and analyzed for serum lipids and apolipoproteins. SPI consumption increased urinary isoflavones compared with MPI. SPI consumption reduced serum LDL cholesterol (P = 0.04), LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol (P = 0.02), and apolipoprotein B:apolipoprotein A-I (P = 0.05) compared with MPI. SPI did not affect serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B, or apolipoprotein A-I. These data demonstrate that consumption of soy protein can modulate some serum lipids in a direction beneficial for CVD risk in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Carbohydrate Restriction, as a First-Line Dietary Intervention, Effectively Reduces Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome in Emirati Adults

Carbohydrate Restriction, as a First-Line Dietary Intervention, Effectively Reduces Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome in Emirati Adults [Nutrient Physiology,

Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions]

from Journal of Nutrition current issue by Al-Sarraj, T., Saadi, H., Calle, M. C., Volek, J. S., Fernandez, M. L.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the United Arab Emirates is among the highest world-wide. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) predisposes individuals to DM; therefore, dietary interventions targeting MetS biomarkers are a high priority. We evaluated whether a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) could effectively be used as a first-line therapy intervention in adult Emirati to improve the characteristics of MetS. A total of 39 participants (14 men, 25 women) 18–50 y, classified with MetS, followed a CRD (20–25% carbohydrate, 50–55% fat, 25–30% protein energy distribution). After 6 wk, 19 participants were randomly switched to the AHA diet (55% carbohydrate, 25–30% fat, 15–20% protein) whereas 20 participants continued with the CRD diet for an additional 6 wk. Fasting plasma lipids, 24-h dietary recalls, body composition, anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP), glucose, insulin, and plasma markers of inflammation were measured at baseline, wk 6, and wk 12. Dietary analysis indicated high compliance. At wk 6, the CRD (n = 39) resulted in decreased body weight (–13%), waist circumference (–4.5%), body fat (–10.6%), and plasma triglycerides (TG) (–38.7%) (P < 0.001). Significant decreases in LDL cholesterol, BP, glucose, insulin, and inflammatory markers and increases in adiponectin (P < 0.05) also occurred. After 12 wk, positive changes persisted for all participants, independent of diet. However, body weight and plasma TG and insulin were lower in the CRD (P < 0.05) group than in the CRD + AHA group. Results from this study suggest that a 6-wk CRD can effectively be used as a first-line diet therapy to rapidly improve features of MetS and cardiovascular risk in adult Emirati.

Grape Juice, Berries, and Walnuts Affect Brain Aging and Behavior [Supplement: Grapes and Health]

Grape Juice, Berries, and Walnuts Affect Brain Aging and Behavior [Supplement: Grapes and Health]

from Journal of Nutrition current issue by Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., Willis, L. M.

Numerous studies have indicated that individuals consuming a diet containing high amounts of fruits and vegetables exhibit fewer age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Research from our laboratory has suggested that dietary supplementation with fruit or vegetable extracts high in antioxidants (e.g. blueberries, strawberries, walnuts, and Concord grape juice) can decrease the enhanced vulnerability to oxidative stress that occurs in aging and these reductions are expressed as improvements in behavior. Additional mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of fruits and vegetables include enhancement of neuronal communication via increases in neuronal signaling and decreases in stress signals induced by oxidative/inflammatory stressors (e.g. nuclear factor B). Moreover, collaborative findings indicate that blueberry or Concord grape juice supplementation in humans with mild cognitive impairment increased verbal memory performance, thus translating our animal findings to humans. Taken together, these results suggest that a greater intake of high-antioxidant foods such as berries, Concord grapes, and walnuts may increase "health span" and enhance cognitive and motor function in aging.

Relationship between animal protein intake and muscle mass index in healthy women.

Relationship between animal protein intake and muscle mass index in healthy women.

Aubertin-Leheudre M, Adlercreutz H.

Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer, Folkhälsan Research Centre, PB 63 (Room C315a), Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

The amount and the type of dietary protein could play a role in determining the quantity of skeletal muscle mass. The aim was to examine the relationship between the type of protein intake and the level of muscle mass in healthy omnivorous and vegetarian Caucasian women. The design of the present study was an observational and cross-sectional study. Twenty-one omnivores (Om) and nineteen vegetarians (Ve) were recruited. Muscle mass index (urinary creatinine), dietary intake (5 d dietary records) and biochemical analyses (hormone, phyto-oestrogen and lipid profiles) were obtained. We found differences between groups for muscle mass (Ve: 18 kg v. Om: 23 kg; P = 0.010), muscle mass index (Ve: 6.7 kg/m2 v. Om: 8.3 kg/m2; P = 0.002), animal protein intake in g/d (P = 0.001) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0.003), plant protein intake in g/d (P = 0.015) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0.007), the animallant protein intake ratio (P = 0.001) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (P = 0.001). Muscle mass index still correlated with animal protein intake in g/d (P = 0.001) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0.008), and the animallant protein intake ratio (P = 0.007) even after controlling for SHBG and plant protein intake. Finally, animal protein intake (g/d) was the independent predictor of muscle mass index (adjusted r2 0.42). Thus, a vegetarian diet is associated with a lower muscle mass index than is an omnivorous diet at the same protein intake. A good indicator of muscle mass index in women seems to be animal protein intake.

Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players

Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players

Department of Human Performance and Physical Education, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado, USA


Background

Supplementation with β-alanine has been associated with improved strength, anaerobic endurance, body composition and performance on tests of anaerobic power output following varying training protocols, including high intensity interval training (HIIT) and heavy resistance training. Early season training for collegiate wrestling includes repeated bouts of high intensity exercise with intermittent rest periods; this type of training parallels HIIT from a metabolic standpoint. Collegiate wrestlers also use moderate to high intensity resistance training with high work to rest ratios. In-season football training includes repeated bouts of short sprints and Olympic/power lifting with low work to rest ratios.

Methods

Twenty-two Divison II college wrestlers (19.9 ± 1.9 yr, age ± SD) and 15 football players (18.6 ± 1.5 yr) completed this double-blind, placebo controlled study. Each subject ingested either 4 g/day β-alanine or placebo in powdered capsule form. Subjects were tested pre and post 8-week treatment in timed 300 yd. shuttle, 90° flexed arm hang (FAH), body composition, and blood lactate accumulation during 300 yd. shuttle. Wrestlers participated in 5 days per week training that included HIIT 3 days/week and resistance training with high work: rest ratios 2 days/week. Football players participated in 5 days/week training that included repeated sprints with low work: rest ratios 3 times/week and Olympic/power lifting 4 times/week.

Results

The subjects taking β-alanine achieved more desirable results on all tests compared to placebo (NS, p > 0.05). Performance improvements were greatest in the football supplement group, decreasing 300 shuttle time by 1.1 sec (vs. 0.4 sec. placebo) and increasing FAH (3.0 vs. 0.39 sec.). The wrestlers, both placebo and supplement lost weight (as was the goal, i.e. weight bracket allowance); however, the supplement group increased lean mass by 1.1 lb., while the placebo group lost lean mass (-0.98 lb). Both football groups gained weight; however, the supplement group gained an average 2.1 lb lean mass compared to 1.1 lb for placebo.


Conclusion

Supplementation with beta-alanine appears to have the ability to augment performance and stimulate lean mass accrual in a short amount of time (8 weeks) in previously trained athletes. β-alanine may magnify the expected performance outcomes of training programs with different metabolic demands.

Can soyabean isoflavones mimic the effects of energy restriction on healthy ageing?

Can soyabean isoflavones mimic the effects of energy restriction on healthy ageing?

L. Ions; L. Wakeling; D. Ford

Abstract

Summary: Energy restriction is the only known robust dietary measure effective in increasing lifespan across a wide variety of species. Our current research indicates a role for the best-established dietary mimetic of energy restriction, the red grape polyphenol resveratrol, in altering information carried by DNA at a level superimposed on the information provided by the sequence of bases, known as epigenetic marking. These effects appear to share a common pathway with some of the effects of energy restriction that involve the protein Sirt1. Preliminary observations made in human intestinal cells reveal that isoflavones found in the soyabean may share some of these functional properties and so highlight the potential for a diet rich in these compounds to promote healthy ageing.

Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans.

Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans.

Phillips SM, Tipton KD, Aarsland A, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR.

Metabolism Unit, Shriners Burns Institute, Galveston, Texas, USA.

Mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and fractional breakdown rate (FBR) were examined after an isolated bout of either concentric or eccentric resistance exercise. Subjects were eight untrained volunteers (4 males, 4 females). Mixed muscle protein FSR and FBR were determined using primed constant infusions of [2H5]phenylalanine and 15N-phenylalanine, respectively. Subjects were studied in the fasted state on four occasions: at rest and 3, 24, and 48 h after a resistance exercise bout. Exercise was eight sets of eight concentric or eccentric repetitions at 80% of each subject's concentric 1 repetition maximum. There was no significant difference between contraction types for either FSR, FBR, or net balance (FSR minus FBR). Exercise resulted in significant increases above rest in muscle FSR at all times: 3 h = 112%, 24 h = 65%, 48 h = 34% (P < 0.01). Muscle FBR was also increased by exercise at 3 h (31%; P < 0.05) and 24 h (18%; P < 0.05) postexercise but returned to resting levels by 48 h. Muscle net balance was significantly increased after exercise at all time points [(in %/h) rest = -0.0573 +/- 0.003 (SE), 3 h = -0.0298 +/- 0.003, 24 h = -0.0413 +/- 0.004, and 48 h = -0.0440 +/- 0.005], and was significantly different from zero at all time points (P < 0.05). There was also a significant correlation between FSR and FBR (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). We conclude that exercise resulted in an increase in muscle net protein balance that persisted for up to 48 h after the exercise bout and was unrelated to the type of muscle contraction performed.

Dual process action of exercise on appetite control: increase in orexigenic drive but improvement in meal-induced satiety

Dual process action of exercise on appetite control: increase in orexigenic drive but improvement in meal-induced satiety

Neil A King, Phillipa P Caudwell, Mark Hopkins, James R Stubbs, Erik Naslund and John E Blundell

ABSTRACT

Background: Exercise could contribute to weight loss by altering the sensitivity of the appetite regulatory system.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 12 wk of mandatory exercise on appetite control.

Design: Fifty-eight overweight and obese men and women [mean (±SD) body mass index (in kg/m2) = 31.8 ± 4.5, age = 39.6 ± 9.8 y, and maximal oxygen intake = 29.1 ± 5.7 mL · kg–1 · min–1] completed 12 wk of supervised exercise in the laboratory. The exercise sessions were designed to expend 2500 kcal/wk. Subjective appetite sensations and the satiating efficiency of a fixed breakfast were compared at baseline (week 0) and at week 12. An Electronic Appetite Rating System was used to measure subjective appetite sensations immediately before and after the fixed breakfast in the immediate postprandial period and across the whole day. The satiety quotient of the breakfast was determined by calculating the change in appetite scores relative to the breakfast's energy content.

Results: Despite large variability, there was a significant reduction in mean body weight (3.2 ± 3.6 kg), fat mass (3.2 ± 2.2 kg), and waist circumference (5.0 ± 3.2 cm) after 12 wk. The analysis showed that a reduction in body weight and body composition was accompanied by an increase in fasting hunger and in average hunger across the day (P < 0.0001). Paradoxically, the immediate and delayed satiety quotient of the breakfast also increased significantly (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: These data show that the effect of exercise on appetite regulation involves at least 2 processes: an increase in the overall (orexigenic) drive to eat and a concomitant increase in the satiating efficiency of a fixed meal.

Gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure after a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet.

Gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure after a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet.

Veldhorst MA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Westerterp KR.

NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands, and the Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: High-protein diets have been shown to increase energy expenditure (EE). Objective: The objective was to study whether a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet (H diet) increases gluconeogenesis and whether this can explain the increase in EE. DESIGN: Ten healthy men with a mean (+/-SEM) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 23.0 +/- 0.8 and age of 23 +/- 1 y received an isoenergetic H diet (H condition; 30%, 0%, and 70% of energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively) or a normal-protein diet (N condition; 12%, 55%, and 33% of energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively) for 1.5 d according to a randomized crossover design, whereas EE was measured in a respiration chamber. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) and fractional gluconeogenesis were measured via infusion of [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose and ingestion of (2)H(2)O; absolute gluconeogenesis was calculated by multiplying fractional gluconeogenesis by EGP. Body glycogen stores were lowered at the start of the intervention with an exhaustive glycogen-lowering exercise test. RESULTS: EGP was lower in the H condition than in the N condition (181 +/- 9 compared with 226 +/- 9 g/d; P < 0.001), whereas fractional gluconeogenesis was higher (0.95 +/- 0.04 compared with 0.64 +/- 0.03; P < 0.001) and absolute gluconeogenesis tended to be higher (171 +/- 10 compared with 145 +/- 10 g/d; P = 0.06) in the H condition than in the N condition. EE (resting metabolic rate) was greater in the H condition than in the N condition (8.46 +/- 0.23 compared with 8.12 +/- 0.31 MJ/d; P < 0.05). The increase in EE was a function of the increase in gluconeogenesis (DeltaEE = 0.007 x Deltagluconeogenesis - 0.038; r = 0.70, R(2) = 0.49, P < 0.05). The contribution of Deltagluconeogenesis to DeltaEE was 42%; the energy cost of gluconeogenesis was 33% (95% CI: 16%, 50%). CONCLUSIONS: Forty-two percent of the increase in energy expenditure after the H diet was explained by the increase in gluconeogenesis. The cost of gluconeogenesis was 33% of the energy content of the produced glucose.

Protein, amino acids, vagus nerve signaling, and the brain

Protein, amino acids, vagus nerve signaling, and the brain

Daniel Tomé, Jessica Schwarz, Nicolas Darcel and Gilles Fromentin

1 From the AgroParisTech (DT, JS, and ND) and INRA (GF), UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France.

2 Presented at the "100th Anniversary Symposium of Umami Discovery: The Roles of Glutamate in Taste, Gastrointestinal Function, Metabolism, and Physiology," held in Tokyo, Japan, September 10–13, 2008.

3 Supported by AgroParisTech, INRA, and the EEC Marie Curie Research Program NuSisCO.

4 Address correspondence to D Tomé, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France. E-mail: tome@agroparistech.fr.

ABSTRACT

Dietary protein and amino acids, including glutamate, generate signals involved in the control of gastric and intestinal motility, pancreatic secretion, and food intake. They include postprandial meal-induced visceral and metabolic signals and associated nutrients (eg, amino acids and glucose), gut neuropeptides, and hormonal signals. Protein reduces gastric motility and stimulates pancreatic secretions. Protein and amino acids are also more potent than carbohydrate and fat in inducing short-term satiety in animals and humans. High-protein diets lead to activation of the noradrenergic-adrenergic neuronal pathway in the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract and in melanocortin neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Moreover, some evidence indicates that circulating concentrations of certain amino acids could influence food intake. Leucine modulates the activity of energy and nutrient sensor pathways controlled by AMP-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin in the hypothalamus. At the brain level, 2 afferent pathways are involved in protein and amino acid monitoring: the indirect neural (mainly vagus-mediated) and the direct humoral pathways. The neural pathways transfer preabsorptive and visceral information through the vagus nerve that innervates part of the orosensory zone (stomach, duodenum, and liver). Localized in the brainstem, the nucleus of the solitary tract is the main projection site of the vagus nerve and integrates sensory information of oropharyngeal, intestinal, and visceral origins. Ingestion of protein also activates satiety pathways in the arcuate nucleus, which is characterized by an up-regulation of the melanocortin pathway (-melanocyte-stimulating, hormone-containing neurons) and a down-regulation of the neuropeptide Y pathway.

Water Consumption Increases Weight Loss During a Hypocaloric Diet Intervention in Middle-aged and Older Adults.

Water Consumption Increases Weight Loss During a Hypocaloric Diet Intervention in Middle-aged and Older Adults.

Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL, Flack KD, Savla J, Davy KP, Davy BM.

Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.

Water consumption acutely reduces meal energy intake (EI) among middle-aged and older adults. Our objectives were to determine if premeal water consumption facilitates weight loss among overweight/obese middle-aged and older adults, and to determine if the ability of premeal water consumption to reduce meal EI is sustained after a 12-week period of increased water consumption. Adults (n = 48; 55-75 years, BMI 25-40 kg/m(2)) were assigned to one of two groups: (i) hypocaloric diet + 500 ml water prior to each daily meal (water group), or (ii) hypocaloric diet alone (nonwater group). At baseline and week 12, each participant underwent two ad libitum test meals: (i) no preload (NP), and (ii) 500 ml water preload (WP). Meal EI was assessed at each test meal and body weight was assessed weekly for 12 weeks. Weight loss was ~2 kg greater in the water group than in the nonwater group, and the water group (beta = -0.87, P < 0.001) showed a 44% greater decline in weight over the 12 weeks than the nonwater group (beta = -0.60, P < 0.001). Test meal EI was lower in the WP than NP condition at baseline, but not at week 12 (baseline: WP 498 +/- 25 kcal, NP 541 +/- 27 kcal, P = 0.009; 12-week: WP 480 +/- 25 kcal, NP 506 +/- 25 kcal, P = 0.069). Thus, when combined with a hypocaloric diet, consuming 500 ml water prior to each main meal leads to greater weight loss than a hypocaloric diet alone in middle-aged and older adults. This may be due in part to an acute reduction in meal EI following water ingestion.

Dietary predictors of 5-year changes in waist circumference.

Dietary predictors of 5-year changes in waist circumference.

Halkjaer J, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Sørensen TI.

Danish Cancer Society Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. jytteh@cancer.dk

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on the association between macronutrient intake and the development of abdominal obesity, which carries an increased health risk, have not shown a consistent pattern, possibly due to mixed effects of other aspects of the food intake. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between intake from 21 food and beverage groups and the subsequent 5-year difference in waist circumference. METHODS: The study population consisted of 22,570 women and 20,126 men, aged 50 to 64 years at baseline, with complete data on baseline and follow-up waist circumference, baseline diet (192 items food frequency questionnaire), body mass index, and selected potential confounders (eg, smoking status, sport activities, and intake of alcoholic beverages). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: For women, 5-year difference in waist circumference was inversely related to intake from red meat, vegetables, fruit, butter, and high-fat dairy products, whereas intake from potatoes, processed meat, poultry, and snack foods was positively associated. For men, red meat and fruit intakes were inversely associated with 5-year difference in waist circumference, whereas snack foods intake was positively associated. Sex differences occurred for vegetables, high-fat dairy products, and processed meat. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a diet low in fruits and red meat and high in snack foods was associated with larger waist circumference gains in both sexes. Furthermore, in women a diet low in vegetables, butter, and high-fat dairy products, and high in poultry, potatoes, and processed meat were likely determinants of subsequent gain at the waist.

Single Versus Multiple Sets of Resistance Exercise: A Meta-Regression.

Single Versus Multiple Sets of Resistance Exercise: A Meta-Regression.

Krieger JW.

There has been considerable debate over the optimal number of sets per exercise to improve musculoskeletal strength during a resistance exercise program. The purpose of this study was to use hierarchical, random-effects meta-regression to compare the effects of single and multiple sets per exercise on dynamic strength. English-language studies comparing single with multiple sets per exercise, while controlling for other variables, were considered eligible for inclusion. The analysis comprised 92 effect sizes (ESs) nested within 30 treatment groups and 14 studies. Multiple sets were associated with a larger ES than a single set (difference = 0.26 +/- 0.05; confidence interval [CI]: 0.15, 0.37; p < 0.0001). In a dose-response model, 2 to 3 sets per exercise were associated with a significantly greater ES than 1 set (difference = 0.25 +/- 0.06; CI: 0.14, 0.37; p = 0.0001). There was no significant difference between 1 set per exercise and 4 to 6 sets per exercise (difference = 0.35 +/- 0.25; CI: -0.05, 0.74; p = 0.17) or between 2 to 3 sets per exercise and 4 to 6 sets per exercise (difference = 0.09 +/- 0.20; CI: -0.31, 0.50; p = 0.64). There were no interactions between set volume and training program duration, subject training status, or whether the upper or lower body was trained. Sensitivity analysis revealed no highly influential studies, and no evidence of publication bias was observed. In conclusion, 2 to 3 sets per exercise are associated with 46% greater strength gains than 1 set, in both trained and untrained subjects.

Antioxidants Do Not Prevent Postexercise Peroxidation and May Delay Muscle Recovery.

Antioxidants Do Not Prevent Postexercise Peroxidation and May Delay Muscle Recovery.

Teixeira VH, Valente HF, Casal SI, Marques AF, Moreira PA.

PURPOSE:: This study aimed to determine the effects of 4 wk of antioxidants (AOX) supplementation on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, muscle damage, and inflammation in kayakers. METHODS:: Subjects (n = 20) were randomly assigned to receive a placebo (PLA) or an AOX capsule (AOX; 272 mg of alpha-tocopherol, 400 mg of vitamin C, 30 mg of beta-carotene, 2 mg of lutein, 400 mug of selenium, 30 mg of zinc, and 600 mg of magnesium). Blood samples were collected at rest and 15 min after a 1000-m kayak race, both before and after the supplementation period, for analysis of alpha-tocopherol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein plus zeaxanthin, vitamin C, uric acid, total AOX status (TAS), thiobarbituric reactive acid substances (TBARS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and creatine kinase (CK), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (Gr), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. RESULTS:: With supplementation, plasma alpha-tocopherol (P = 0.003) and beta-carotene (P = 0.007) augmented significantly in the AOX group. IL-6 (exercise, P = 0.039), TBARS (exercise, P < 0.001), and uric acid (exercise, P = 0.032) increased significantly in response to the exercise regardless of treatment group. Cortisol level raised more from pre- to postsupplementation period in the PLA group (time x supplementation, P = 0.002). Although TAS declined after exercise before intervention, it increased above preexercise values after the 4-wk period in the AOX group (supplementation x time x exercise, P = 0.034). CK increased after exercise in both groups (exercise effect, P < 0.001) and decreased from week 0 to week 4 more markedly in the PLA group (supplementation x time, P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS:: AOX supplementation does not offer protection against exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and inflammation and may hinder the recovery of muscle damage.

When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake.

When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake.

de Castro JM.

College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341-2509, USA.

Intake in the morning is associated with a reduction in the total intake for the day, while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. These associations are macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate intake, morning fat intake associated with reduced daily fat intake and morning protein intake associated with reduced daily protein intake. Since different types of foods contain differing proportions of macronutrients, the present study investigated the associations of different types of foods ingested at various times of day with total daily and macronutrient intakes. The intakes of 388 male and 621 female free-living individuals reported in 7 d diet diaries were reanalysed. The intakes of twenty-four different types of foods and seven different drinks occurring during the morning (04.00-10.29 hours), afternoon (10.30-16.59 hours) and evening (17.00-02.00 hours) were identified and related to overall daily intakes. Dairy foods, ice cream, beef, other meats, potatoes, pastry, nuts, chips and snacks, condiments, alcohol and soda were significantly associated with higher total intake over the day, while fruit, soup, breakfast cereal, pasta, pizza, water, coffee/tea and diet soda were either not associated or were associated with lower overall intake. Dietary energy density appeared to mediate the associations between particular foods and beverages and overall energy intake. This suggests that eating low-density foods in the morning and avoiding high-density foods at night might aid in reducing overall intake and may be useful in dietary interventions for overweight and obesity.

The relationship between overweight and obesity, and sick leave: a systematic review

The relationship between overweight and obesity, and sick leave: a systematic review

D C van Duijvenbode1, M J M Hoozemans2, M N M van Poppel1 and K I Proper1

Objective: To investigate the relationship between overweight and obesity and sick leave.

Design: Systematic, qualitative review.
Literature search: A search in diverse databases was performed. Studies were considered as relevant if they were longitudinal in design and investigated the relationship between overweight and obesity and sick leave.
Data extraction: The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated with a quality criteria list. To draw conclusions, a best-evidence synthesis was applied.
Results: Thirteen studies were included. Four out of seven found overweight to be a predictor of long-term sick leave, whereas the remaining three showed a positive trend, but did not observe significance. Of the five studies investigating the relationship between overweight and short-term sick leave, inconsistent results were shown. Seven out of eight studies investigating the relationship with long-term sick leave found obesity as a significant predictor of long-term sick leave. In contrast, there were inconsistent results between the five studies examining the relationship between obesity and short spells of sick leave.
Conclusions: Although this review found inconclusive evidence for a relationship between overweight and sick leave, a clear trend was discerned in that overweight was a predictor of especially long spells (>7 days) of sick leave. As regards obesity, there was strong evidence for a positive relationship with sick leave because of the consistent finding that obesity was a significant predictor of long-term sick leave.

Association between obesity and injury among Taiwanese adults

Association between obesity and injury among Taiwanese adults

H-Y Hu1, Y-J Chou1, P Chou2, L-K Chen3 and N Huang4

Background: The prevalence of obesity and injury has increased in Asian countries, but the relationship between obesity and injury is less well established. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI), the occurrence of injury, and the injury-related expenditure among Taiwanese adults.
Design: Retrospective cohort study.
Methods: Our study sample consisted of 12 520 adults aged 18 years or older from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey, who had consented to the linking of their survey responses with their National Health Insurance claims records. Cox proportional hazards regression and a two-part model were used for analysis.
Results: The results show that there was a positive association between BMI and injury. Relative to normal-weight adults, the hazard ratio (HR) of injury were 1.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.36) for obese class II adults and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05–1.18) for obese class I adults, after adjusting for confounding factors. The HR of sustained strain/sprain rose to statistical significance (P<0.001) among persons with a higher BMI. For obese class II and I adults, the adjusted injury-related expenditure levels were 33.4 and 15.6%, respectively, greater than those of normal-weight adults.
Conclusions: There was a strong positive relationship between high BMI and increased risk of injury as well as higher injury-related expenditure. Specifically, a high BMI was associated with an increased risk of strain/sprain. Low-intensity flexibility, strength, and balance training programs should be considered in addition to weight reduction programs to prevent strain/sprain for obese adults.

Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal?

Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal?

Breanne M. Anderson and David W.L. Ma 

N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have potential beneficial effects for chronic diseases including cancer, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular have been studied extensively, whereas substantive evidence for a biological role for the precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is lacking. It is not enough to assume that ALA exerts effects through conversion to EPA and DHA, as the process is highly inefficient in humans. Thus, clarification of ALA's involvement in health and disease is essential, as it is the principle n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumed in the North American diet and intakes of EPA and DHA are typically very low. There is evidence suggesting that ALA, EPA and DHA have specific and potentially independent effects on chronic disease. Therefore, this review will assess our current understanding of the differential effects of ALA, EPA and DHA on cancer, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Potential mechanisms of action will also be reviewed. Overall, a better understanding of the individual role for ALA, EPA and DHA is needed in order to make appropriate dietary recommendations regarding n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption.

Grape Juice, Berries, and Walnuts Affect Brain Aging and Behavior.

Grape Juice, Berries, and Walnuts Affect Brain Aging and Behavior.

Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Willis LM.

USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111.

Numerous studies have indicated that individuals consuming a diet containing high amounts of fruits and vegetables exhibit fewer age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Research from our laboratory has suggested that dietary supplementation with fruit or vegetable extracts high in antioxidants (e.g. blueberries, strawberries, walnuts, and Concord grape juice) can decrease the enhanced vulnerability to oxidative stress that occurs in aging and these reductions are expressed as improvements in behavior. Additional mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of fruits and vegetables include enhancement of neuronal communication via increases in neuronal signaling and decreases in stress signals induced by oxidative/inflammatory stressors (e.g. nuclear factor kappaB). Moreover, collaborative findings indicate that blueberry or Concord grape juice supplementation in humans with mild cognitive impairment increased verbal memory performance, thus translating our animal findings to humans. Taken together, these results suggest that a greater intake of high-antioxidant foods such as berries, Concord grapes, and walnuts may increase "health span" and enhance cognitive and motor function in aging.

Gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure after a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet.

Gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure after a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet.

Veldhorst MA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Westerterp KR.

NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands, and the Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: High-protein diets have been shown to increase energy expenditure (EE). Objective: The objective was to study whether a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet (H diet) increases gluconeogenesis and whether this can explain the increase in EE. DESIGN: Ten healthy men with a mean (+/-SEM) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 23.0 +/- 0.8 and age of 23 +/- 1 y received an isoenergetic H diet (H condition; 30%, 0%, and 70% of energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively) or a normal-protein diet (N condition; 12%, 55%, and 33% of energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively) for 1.5 d according to a randomized crossover design, whereas EE was measured in a respiration chamber. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) and fractional gluconeogenesis were measured via infusion of [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose and ingestion of (2)H(2)O; absolute gluconeogenesis was calculated by multiplying fractional gluconeogenesis by EGP. Body glycogen stores were lowered at the start of the intervention with an exhaustive glycogen-lowering exercise test. RESULTS: EGP was lower in the H condition than in the N condition (181 +/- 9 compared with 226 +/- 9 g/d; P < 0.001), whereas fractional gluconeogenesis was higher (0.95 +/- 0.04 compared with 0.64 +/- 0.03; P < 0.001) and absolute gluconeogenesis tended to be higher (171 +/- 10 compared with 145 +/- 10 g/d; P = 0.06) in the H condition than in the N condition. EE (resting metabolic rate) was greater in the H condition than in the N condition (8.46 +/- 0.23 compared with 8.12 +/- 0.31 MJ/d; P < 0.05). The increase in EE was a function of the increase in gluconeogenesis (DeltaEE = 0.007 x Deltagluconeogenesis - 0.038; r = 0.70, R(2) = 0.49, P < 0.05). The contribution of Deltagluconeogenesis to DeltaEE was 42%; the energy cost of gluconeogenesis was 33% (95% CI: 16%, 50%). CONCLUSIONS: Forty-two percent of the increase in energy expenditure after the H diet was explained by the increase in gluconeogenesis. The cost of gluconeogenesis was 33% of the energy content of the produced glucose.